

1891.] Botany. 1129 
western limit,—namely, our two species of mountain ash, the balsam 
poplar, banksian or jack pine, the black and the white spruce, balsam 
fir, and tamarack. 
‘t Some of the eastern shrubs, which make the undergrowth of our 
forests, also attain here their western limits; but a larger proportion ot 
these than of the forest trees continues west along the stream-courses to 
the Saskatchewan region, the upper Missouri, and the Black Hills. 
Among the shrubs that reach to the borders of the Red River basin, 
but not farther westward, or at least southwestward, are the black alder 
or winterberry, and the mountain holly, staghorn sumach, the hard- 
hack, the huckleberry, the dwarf blueberry, and the tall or swamp blue- 
berry (Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam., and V. corymbosum L.), leath- 
erwood (Dirca palustris L.), and sweet fern. Shrubs and woody 
climbers, that have their northern or northwestern boundary in this 
basin, include the prickly ash, staff-tree, or shrubby bitter-sweet, frost 
grape, Virginian creeper, and the four species of round-leaved, silky, 
panicled, and alternate-leaved cornel (Cornus circinata L'Her., C. 
sericea L., C. candidissima Marsh [C. paniculata L’ Her.], and C. alter 
nifolia L. f.) On the other hand, shrubs of the north which reach 
their southern or southwestern limits in the Red River basin, include 
the mountain maple, the few-flowered viburnum and witherod, several 
species of honeysuckle (Zonicera ciliata Muhl., L. cerulea L., L. 
oblongifolia Hook., L. involucrata Banks, Z. hirsuta Eaton), the 
Canada blueberry, the cowberry, Andromeda polifolia L., Kalmia 
glauca Ait., Labrador tea (Zedum latifolium Ait.), the Canadian 
shepherdia, sweet gale, the dwarf birch, green or mountain alder, 
beaked hazel-nut, Sa/ix balsamifera Barratt, and S. myrtilloides L., var 
pedicellaris Anders., black crowberry, creeping savin, and the American 
yew or ground hemlock. 
“ No tree of exclusively western range extends east to the Red River 
basin, and it has only a few western species of shrubs, of which the 
most noteworthy are the alder-leaved June-berry or service berry (in 
Manitoba commonly called ‘ saskatoon’), the silver-berry (Z/eagnus 
argentea Pursh), and the buffalo-berry (Shepherdia argentea Nutt.). 
To these are also to be added the shrubby Œnothera albicaulis Nutt., 
which occurs chiefly as an immigrant weed, and the small-leaved false 
indigo (Amorpha microphylla Pursh), which abounds on moist portions 
of the prairie. The silver-berry (usually called ‘ wolf willow’ in the 
Red River valley) is common or abundant from Clifford, North 
Dakota, and from Ada, Minnesota, northwood, forming patches ten to 
twenty rods long on the prairie, growing only about two feet high and 

