272 
tuberous roots and of grass. He occasion- 
ally eats berries, though he does not seem 
to care so much for them as his cousins 
in Wyoming, Montana, Utah and other 
Western States do. On these latter ranges 
the grizzly, as well as the black bear, eats 
great quantities of berries in the late sum- 
mer and autumn. Even there they will 
always pass a fat berry patch to lunch on 
a steer, or on the carcass of an elk; but if 
they do not find meat, then they fill up on 
berries. On the other hand, the grizzly of 
the Western States does little digging for 
roots. 
In the Canadian Northwest we found 
thousands of small excavations where the 
grizzlies and the black bears had dug for 
their food, and we frequently saw evi- 
dences of their having torn up rotten logs 
to get worms. 
While hunting grizzlies in the Selkirks, 
in the spring of 1902, we found that in the 
early spring they live almost entirely on 
the roots of certain lilies and other bulbous 
plants. On the Continental divide, in 
British Columbia and Alberta, we found 
the same species of plants growing, but the 
bears there pay little or no attention to 
them. They did, however, feed on other 
roots. At one place on the Bow river we 
found a flat which is overflowed every 
spring, and on which grows profusely a 
small vine that has a starchy, bulbous root. 
This flat had been dug over by bears until 
it looked like a potato patch after the farm- 
er has gathered his crop. 
The Northwestern bears are also fond 
of grass, and the black bear, especially, in 
that region, grazes like a cow. We found 
small meadows where the grass was eaten 
off close to the ground, over considerable 
areas, and the tracks in the soft earth 
showed that the work had been done by 
bruin. 
While, as I have said, the grizzly in the 
Canadian Northwest does not seem to 
hanker after meat in general, he does prey 
on the Columbian ground squirrel, which 
is abundant there. We saw numerous 
small excavations in which we could read 
the signs of miniature tragedies. This 
ground squirrel rarely burrows to a depth 
of more than 18 inches to 2 feet, and it is 
comparatively easy for a bear to dig out 
one of them. A_ ground squirrel would 
only make a bite for a big grizzly, but inas- 
much as old Ephraim lives almost wholly 
on vegetable food, a squirrel now and then, 
by way of dessert, would seem to answer 
all his requirements. 
I have told in another place about find- 
ing where a grizzly had apparently dug out 
a whole family of marmots, on top of a 
mountain. That old chap must have been 
meat hungry, for he went 5 feet into the 
solid earth to get his dinner, and the ex- 
RECREATION, 
cavation at the top measured 9 by 12 feet. 
In Eastern Canada and in Newfound- 
land the caribou inhabits the lowlands al- 
most exclusively. On the island he lives 
mainly in the marshes and becomes in fact 
a semi-aquatic animal. 
In British Columbia he is found in sum- 
mer and autumn at altitudes of 5,000 to 
9,000 feet. Of course he goes down into 
the valleys and canyons in winter; but as 
soon as the snow begins to melt in the 
spring he begins to climb. There is one 
mountain near the line of the Canadian Pa- 
cific railroad which has on its summit a 
tableland, at an altitude of 7,500 feet, which 
is the summer home of large numbers of 
caribou. The lowest altitudes in that re- 
gion where the caribou winter are at least 
5,000 feet. The winter food of these ani- 
mals consists chiefly of moss which grows 
on the dead branches of spruce trees, and 
I am told the caribou also eat brush. 
The mountain sheep seems to reach his 
greatest development in Southern and East- 
ern British Columbia and in Western AI- 
berta. I bought at Banff the head of a 
sheep, supposed to have been killed on 
the head waters of the Saskatchewan river, 
that is one of the finest specimens I have 
ever seen. Photographs of this head are 
shown herewith. The horns measure 16% 
inches in circumference at the base, and 16 
inches out from the base they still register 
16 inches, having tapered only 4 inch in that 
distance. The length of the horns is 39 
inches and the spread is 17. The horns 
make nearly a complete turn, and if they 
had been allowed to grow without interrup- 
tion the points would undoubtedly have 
passed the starting point; but the old 
patriarch who carried this head was a 
valiant fighter. He evidently spent his life 
looking for trouble, for the ‘horns are 
worn and battered from base to tip, and at 
least 6 inches have been broken from the 
points of both horns. 
The horns and skull weighed, before 
mounting, 39 pounds. There are longer 
horns in existence, but I have seen none 
that carried their massive size so far out 
from the skull. 
The pugnacious disposition of the moun- 
tain ram is well illustrated in this speci- 
men. A heavy blow with a hammer makes 
little or no impression on one of these 
horns, and from this a faint idea may be 
obtained of the terrific battles these rams 
wage, on their native hills. 
The head of the big sheep was mount- 
ed by John Murgatroyd, 18 North Will- 
iam Street, New York City, who, as the 
picture shows, has done an admirable 
piece of work on it, and it is only fair 
and just to him to make this statement 
here. 
There 
was another’ head, in the 
