30 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



rise and kneel, stand or march; &quot; that is, he directs the 

 worshippers of the monarch as a chief priest directs the wor 

 shippers of the god. Equally marked were, until lately, 

 the kindred relations in Japan. With the sac redness of 

 the . Mikado, and with his god-like inaccessibility, travellers 

 have familiarized us; but the implied confusion between 

 the divine and the human went to a much greater extent. 

 &quot; The Japanese generally are imbued with the idea that their land 

 is a real i shin koku, a kami no kooni that is, the land of spiritual 

 beings or kingdom of spirits. They are led to think that the emperor 

 rules over all, and that, among other subordinate powers, he rules 

 over the spirits of the country. He rules over men, and is to them 

 the fountain of honour; and this is not confined to honours in this 

 world, but is extended to the other, where they are advanced from 

 rank to rank by the orders of the emperor.&quot; 



And then we read that under the Japanese cabinet, one of 

 the eight administrative boards, the Ji Bu shio, u deals with 

 the forms of society, manners, etiquette, worship, cere 

 monies for the living and the dead.&quot; * 



Western peoples, among whom during the Christian era 

 differentiation of the divine from the human has become 

 very decided, exhibit in a less marked manner the homology 

 between the ceremonial organization and the ecclesiastical 

 organization. Still it is, or rather was once, clearly trace 

 able. In feudal days, beyond the lord high chamberlains, 

 grand masters of ceremonies, ushers, and so forth, belong 

 ing to royal courts, and the kindred officers found in the 

 households of subordinate rulers and nobles (officers who 

 conducted propitiatory observances), there were the heralds. 

 These formed a class of ceremonial functionaries, in various 

 ways resembling a priesthood. Just, noting as significant 

 the remark of Scott that &quot; so intimate was the union be- 



* Concerning Dickson s statement, here quoted, Mr. Ernest Satow writes 

 that this board (long since extinct) was double. The differentiation in the 

 functions of its divisions was but partial however ; for while one regulated the 

 propitiation of the gods, the other, beside regulating secular propitiations, per 

 formed propitiations of the dead Mikados, who were gods. 



