34 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



Icgc and in the Court officials who regulate intercourse with 

 the Sovereign. 



348. Before passing to a detailed account of cere 

 monial government under its various aspects, it will be well 

 to sum up the results of this preliminary survey. They are 

 these. 



That control of conduct which we distinguish as cere 

 mony, precedes the civil and ecclesiastical controls. It 

 begins with sub-human types of creatures; it occurs among 

 otherwise ungoverned savages; it often becomes highly 

 developed where the other kinds of rule are little devel 

 oped; it is ever being spontaneously generated afresh be 

 tween individuals in all societies; and it envelops the more 

 definite restraints which State and Church exercise. The 

 primitiveness of ceremonial regulation is further shown 

 by the fact that at first, political and religious regulations 

 arc little more than systems of ceremony, directed towards 

 particular persons living and dead: the code of law joined 

 with the one, and the moral code joined with the other, 

 coming later. There is again the evidence derived from the 

 possession of certain elements in common by the three 

 controls, social, political, and religious; for the forms ob 

 servable in social intercourse occur also in political and re 

 ligious intercourse as forms of homage and forms of wor 

 ship. ]\Iore significant still is the circumstance that cere 

 monies may mostly be traced back to certain spontaneous 

 acts which manifestly precede legislation, civil and ecclesias 

 tical. Instead of arising by dictation or by agreement, 

 which would imply the pre-established organization re 

 quired for making and enforcing rules, they arise by modi 

 fications of acts performed for personal ends; and so prove 

 themselves to grow out of individual conduct before social 

 arrangements exist to control it. Lastly we note that when 

 Iliere arises a political head, who, demanding subordination, 

 is at first his own master of the ceremonies, and who present- 



