20 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



an act which, while primarily indicating pleasure at the 

 coining reunion, further indicates those friendly intentions 

 which a silent approach would render doubtful. 



One more example may be named. Tears result from 

 strong feeling mostly from painful feeling, but also from 

 pleasurable feeling when extreme. Hence, as a sign of joy, 

 weeping occasionally passes into a complimentary observ 

 ance. The beginning of such an observance is shown us 

 bv Hebrew traditions in the reception of Tobias by Kaguel, 

 when he finds him to be his cousin s son: &quot; Then Raguel 

 leaped up, and kissed him, and wept.&quot; And among some 

 races there grows from this root a social rite. In Xew Zea 

 land a meeting &quot; led to a warm tang-i between the two par 

 ties; but, after sitting opposite to each other for a quarter 

 of an hour or more, crying bitterly, with a most piteous 

 moaning and lamentation, the tangi was transformed into 

 a liungi, and the two old ladies commenced pressing noses, 

 giving occasional satisfactory grunts. 7 And then we find it 

 becoming a public ceremony. On the arrival of a great 

 chief, &quot; the women stood upon a hill, and loud and long was 

 the tangi to welcome his approach; occasionally, however, 

 they would leave off, to have a chat or a laugh, and then 

 mechanically resume their weeping.&quot; Other Malayo-Poly- 

 ncsians have a like custom; as have also the Tupis of South 

 America. 



To these examples of the ways in which natural mani 

 festations of emotion originate ceremonies, may be added 

 a few examples of the ways in which ceremonies not origi 

 nating directly from spontaneous actions, nevertheless orig 

 inate by natural sequence rather than by intentional sym- 

 bolization. Brief indications must suffice. 



Blood-relationships are formed in Central South Africa 

 between those who imbibe a little of each other s blood. A 

 like way of establishing brotherhood is used in Madagascar, 

 in Borneo, and in many places throughout the world; and 

 it was used among our remote ancestors. This is assumed 



