CEREMONY IN GENERAL. H 



thirteen concern the religious ordinances. And how crimi 

 nality was ascribed to disregard of such ordinances, the 

 following passage from the Ilule of St. Columbaiius 

 shows : 



&quot;A year s penance for him who loses a consecrated wafer; six 

 months for him who suffers it to be eaten by mites; twenty days for 

 him who lets it turn red ; forty days for him who contemptuously 

 flings it into water; twenty days for him who brings it up through 

 weakness of stomach ; but, if through illness, ten days. He who neg 

 lects his Amen to the Benedicite, who speaks when eating, who for 

 gets to make the sign of the cross on his spoon, or on a lantern lighted 

 by a younger brother, is to receive six or twelve stripes.&quot; 

 That from the times when men condoned crimes by building 

 chapels or going on pilgrimages, down to present times when 

 barons no longer invade one another s territories or torture 

 Jews, there has been a decrease of ceremony along with an 

 increase of morality, is clear; though if we look at unad- 

 vanced parts of Europe, such as Naples or Sicily, we see 

 that even now observance of rites is in them a much larger 

 component of religion than obedience to moral rules. And 

 when we remember how modern is Protestantism, which, 

 less elaborate and imperative in its forms, does not habitu 

 ally compound for transgression by acts expressing subordi 

 nation, and how recent is the spread of dissenting Prot 

 estantism, in which this change is carried further, w r e are 

 shown that postponement of ceremony to morality charac 

 terizes religion only in its later stages. 



Mark, then, what follows. If the two kinds of control 

 which eventually grow into civil and religious governments, 

 originally include scarcely anything beyond observance of 

 ceremonies, the precedence of ceremonial control over other 

 controls is a corollary. 



345. Divergent products of evolution betray their 

 kinship by severally retaining certain traits which belonged 

 to that from which they were evolved ; and the implication 

 is that whatever traits they have in common, arose earlier in 



