4 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



taneously assumes the attitude that would result from defeat 

 in battle; tacitly saying u I am conquered, and at your 

 mercy.&quot; Clearly then, besides certain modes of behaviour 

 expressing affection, which are established still earlier in 

 creatures lower than man, there are established certain 

 modes of behaviour expressing subjection. 



After recognizing this fact, we shall be prepared to 

 recognize the fact that daily intercourse among the lowest 

 savages, whose small loose groups, scarcely to be called 

 social, arc without political or religious regulation, is under 

 a considerable amount of ceremonial regulation. Xo rul 

 ing agency beyond that arising from personal superiority, 

 characterizes a horde of Australians ; but every such horde 

 has imperative observances. Strangers meeting must re 

 main some time silent; a mile from an encampment ap 

 proach has to be heralded by loud cooeys ; a green bough is 

 used as an emblem of peace; and brotherly feeling is indi 

 cated by exchange of names. Similarly the Tasmanians, 

 equally devoid of government save that implied by pre 

 dominance of a leader during war, had settled ways 

 of indicating peace and defiance. The Esquimaux, 

 too, though without social ranks or anything like 

 chieftainship, have understood usages for the treatment of 

 guests. Kindred evidence may be joined with this. 



Ceremonial control is highly developed in many places 

 where other forms of control are but rudimentary. The 

 wild Comanche &quot; exacts the observance of his rules of eti 

 quette from strangers,&quot; and &quot; is greatly offended &quot; by any 

 breach of them. AVlien Araucanians meet, the inquiries, 

 felicitations, and condolences which custom demands, are so 

 elaborate that &quot; the formality occupies ten or fifteen min 

 utes.&quot; Of the ungoverned Bedouins we read that &quot; their 

 manners are sometimes dashed with a strange ceremonious- 

 ness; &quot; and the salutations of Arabs are such that the 

 &quot; compliments in a well-bred man never last less than ten 

 minutes.&quot; &quot; We were particularly struck,&quot; says Living- 



