54 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



arises, the old practice of cutting from their bodies such 

 parts as servo for trophies continues; and the marks left 

 become marks of subjugation. Gradually as the receipt 

 of such marks comes to imply bondage, not only will those 

 taken in war be marked, but also those born to them; 

 until at length the bearing of the mark shows subordination 

 in general. 



That submission to mutilation may eventually grow into 

 the sealing of an agreement to be bondsmen, is shown us 

 by Hebrew history. &quot; Then Xahasli the Ammonite came 

 up, and encamped against Jabesh-gilead : and all the men 

 of Jabesh said unto Nahash, Make a covenant with us, 

 and we will serve thee. And Xahash the Ammonite an 

 swered them, On this condition will I make a covenant 

 with you, that I may thrust out all your right eyes.&quot; They 

 agreed to become subjects, and the mutilation (not in this 

 case consented to, however) was to mark their subjection. 

 And while mutilations thus serve, like the brands a farmer 

 puts on his sheep, to show first private ownership and 

 afterwards political ownership, they also serve as perpetual 

 reminders of the ruler s power: so keeping alive the dread 

 that brings obedience. This fact we see in the statement 

 that when the second Basil deprived fifteen thousand Bul 

 garian captives of sight, &quot; the nation was awed by this terri 

 ble example.&quot; 



Just adding that the bearing of a mutilation, thus be 

 coming the mark of a subject race, survives as a token of 

 submission when the trophy-taking which originated it has 

 disappeared ; let us now note the different kinds of mutila 

 tions, and the ways in which they severally enter into the 

 three forms of control political, religious, and social. 



358. When the Araucanians on going to war send 

 messengers summoning confederate tribes, these messengers 

 carry certain arrows as their credentials; .and, &quot; if hostilities 

 are actually commenced, the finger, or (as Algedo will have 



