MUTILATIONS. 61 



good evidence respecting the manners of the times from 

 which they descend, we read, &quot; Then went Arthur to Caer- 

 leon; and thither came messengers from King Ryons, who 

 said, * Eleven kings have done me homage, and with their 

 beards I have trimmed a mantle. Send me now thy beard, 

 for there lacks yet one to the finishing of my mantle. 



Reasons exist for the belief that taking an enslaved 

 captive s hair, began with the smallest practicable diver 

 gence from taking the dead enemy s scalp; for the part of 

 the hair in some cases given in propitiation, and in other 

 cases worn subject to a master s ownership, answers in posi 

 tion to the scalp-lock. The tobe yielded up by the tributary 

 Fijians was a kind of pigtail: the implication being that 

 this could be demanded by, and therefore belonged to, the 

 superior. Moreover, among the Kalmucks, 



&quot;When one pulls another by the pigtail, or actually tears it out, 

 this is regarded as a punishable offence, because the pigtail is thought 

 to belong to the chief, or to be a sign of subjection to him. If it is 

 the short hair on the top of the head that has been subjected to such 

 treatment, it does not constitute a punishable offence, because this is 

 considered the man s own hair and not that of the chief.&quot; 

 And then I may add the statement of Williams, that the 

 Tartar conquerors of China ordered the Chinese &quot; to adopt 

 the national Tartar mode of shaving the front of the head, 

 and braiding the hair in a long queue, as a sign of sub 

 mission.&quot; Another fact presently to be given joins with 

 these in suggesting that a vanquished man, not killed but 

 kept as a slave, wore his scalp-lock on sufferance. 



Be this as it may, however, the widely-prevalent custom 

 of taking the hair of the conquered, either with or without 

 part of the skin, has nearly everywhere resulted in the asso 

 ciation between short hair and slavery. This association 

 existed among both Greeks and Romans: &quot;the slaves 

 had their hair cut short as a mark of servitude.&quot; We 

 find it the same throughout America. &quot; Socially the slave 

 is despised, his hair is cut short,&quot; says Bancroft of the 



