62 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



Xootkas; and &quot; tlie privilege of wearing long hair was rig 

 orously denied &quot; to Carib slaves and captives. Tlic slavery 

 tliat punished criminality was similarly marked. In. Nica 

 ragua, u a chief had his hair cut off and became a slave to 

 the person that had been robbed till he was satisfied.&quot; 

 Naturally, infliction of the slave-badge grew into a punish 

 ment. By the Central Americans a suspected adulterer 

 &quot; was stripped and his hair was cut. 7 One ancient 

 Mexican penalty &quot; was to have the hair cut at some public 

 place.&quot; And during mediaeval times in Europe cutting e^ 

 hair was a punishment. Of course, by contrast, 



long hair became a distinction. If among the Chibchas 

 &quot; the greatest affront that could be put 011 a man or a woman 

 was to have their hair cropped,&quot; the assimilation to slaves in 

 appearance was the reason: the honourableness of long 

 hair being an implication. &quot; The Itzaex Indians,&quot; says 

 Fancourt, &quot; wore their hair as long as it would grow; in 

 deed, it is a most difficult thing to bring the Indians to cut 

 their hair.&quot; Long hair shows rank among the Tongans: 

 none are permitted to wear it but the principal people. 

 Similarly with the New Caledonians and various others of 

 the uncivilized; and similarly with semi-civilized Orien 

 tals: &quot; the Ottoman princes have their beard shaved off to 

 show that they are dependent on the favour of the reigning 

 emperor.&quot; By the Greeks, &quot; in manhood, . . . hair was 

 worn longer,&quot; and &quot; a certain political significancy was 

 attached to the hair.&quot; In Northern Europe, too, &quot; among 

 the Franks . . . the serfs wore the hair less long and 

 less carefully dressed than freemen,&quot; and the freemen 

 less long than the nobles. &quot; The hair of the Frank kings 

 is sacred. ... It is for them a mark and honourable 

 prerogative of the royal race.&quot; Clothair and Childebert, 

 wishing to divide their brother s kingdom, consulted re 

 specting their nephews, &quot; whether to cut off their hair so as 

 to reduce them to the rank of subjects, or to kill them.&quot; I 

 may add the extreme case of the Japanese Mikado. 



