MUTILATIONS. 63 



&quot; Neither his hair, beard, nor nails are ever [avowedly] 

 cut, so that his sacred person may not be mutilated: &quot; such 

 cutting as occurs being done while he is supposed to sleep. 



A parallel marking of divine rank may be noted in pass 

 ing. Length of hair being significant of terrestrial dignity 

 becomes significant, too, of celestial dignity. The gods 

 of various peoples, and especially the great gods, are distin 

 guished by their flowing beards and long locks. 



Domestic subordination also, in many cases goes along 

 with short hair. Under low social conditions, females com 

 monly bear this badge of slavery. In Samoa the women 

 wear the hair short while the men wear it long; and among 

 other Malayo-Polynesians, as the Tahitians and Js r ew Zea- 

 landers, the like contrast occurs. Similarly with the Ne 

 grito races. &quot; In New Caledonia the chiefs and influential 

 men wear their hair long. . . . The women all crop theirs 

 close to the very ears.&quot; Cropped heads in like manner dis 

 tinguish the women of Tanna, of Lifu, of Yate, and those of 

 Tasmania. A kindred mode of signifying filial 



subjection has existed. Sacrifice of hair once formed part 

 of the ceremony of adoption in Europe. &quot; Charles Martel 

 sent Pepin, his son, to Luithprand, king of the Lombards, 

 that he might cut his first locks, and by this ceremony hold 

 for the future the place of his father; &quot; and Clovis, to make 

 peace with Alaric, proposed to become his adopted son, by 

 offering his beard to be cut by him. 



This mutilation simultaneously came to imply subjec 

 tion to dead persons. How yielding up hair to the dead is 

 originally akin to yielding up a trophy, is- well shown by the 

 Dacotahs. &quot; The men shave the hair off their heads, except 

 a small tuft on the top [the scalp-lock], which they suffer 

 to grow and wear in plaits over the shoulders: the loss of 

 it is the usual sacrifice at the death of near relations.&quot; That 

 is, they go as near as may be to surrendering their scalps 

 to the dead. The meaning is again seen in the account 

 given of the Caribs. &quot; As their hair thus constituted their 



