MUTILATIONS, 69 



ing in it, refused obedience to these foreign gods, were slain. 

 On the other hand, Mattathias and his friends, rebelling 

 against foreign rule and worship, are said to have gone 

 &quot; round about, and pulled down the altars : and what chil 

 dren soever they found within the coast of Israel uncircum- 

 cised, those they circumcised valiantly.&quot; Moreover Hyr- 

 canus, having subdued the Idumeans, made them submit 

 to circumcision; and Aristobulus similarly imposed the 

 mark on the conquered people of Iturea. 



Quite congruous are certain converse facts. Tooitonga 

 (the great divine chief of Tonga) is not circumcised, as all 

 the other men are; being unsubordinated, he does not bear 

 the badge of subordination. And with this I may join a 

 case in which whole tribes belonging to a race ordinarily 

 practising circumcision, are uncircumcised where they are 

 unsubordinated. Naming some wild Berbers in Morocco 

 as thus distinguished, Rohlfs says, &quot; these uncircumcised 

 tribes inhabit the Kif mountains. . . . All the Rif moun 

 taineers eat w T ild boar, in spite of the Koran law.&quot; 



3G3. Besides mutilations entailing some loss of flesh, 

 bone, skin, or hair, there are mutilations which do not 

 imply a deduction; at least not a permanent one. Of 

 these we may take first, one which sacrifices a liquid part 

 of the body though not a solid part. 



Bleeding as a mutilation has an origin akin to the origins 

 of other mutilations. Did we not find that some uncivil 

 ized tribes, as the Samoyedes, drink the warm blood of 

 animals did we not find among existing cannibals, such as 

 the Fijians, proofs that savages drink the blood of still- 

 living human victims; it would seem incredible that from 

 taking the blood of a vanquished enemy was derived the 

 ceremony of offering blood to a ghost and to a god. But 

 when to accounts of horrors like these we join accounts of 

 kindred ones which savages commit, such as that among 

 the Amaponda Kaffirs &quot; it is usual for the ruling chief, on 

 C3 



