80 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



simple headship, and in the other class the compound head 

 ship, is unstable. On coming- to the societies distinguished 

 by severer mutilations, we find these relations reversed. 

 Among the simple I can name but three the Xew Cale 

 donians (among whom, however, the severer mutilation is 

 not general), the Bushmen (who arc believed to have lapsed 

 from a higher social state), and the Australians (who have, 

 I believe, similarly lapsed); while, among the compound, 

 twenty-one may be named Fijians, Sandwich Islanders, 

 Tahitians, Tongans, Samoans, Javans, Sumatrans, Mala 

 gasy, Hottentots, Damaras, Eechuanas, Kaffirs, Congo peo 

 ple, Coast Negroes, Inland Negroes, Dahomans, Ashantees, 

 Fulahs, Abyssinians, Arabs, Dacotahs. In the 



second place, social consolidation being habitually effected 

 by conquest, and compound and doubly-compound societies 

 being therefore, during early stages, militant in their activi 

 ties and types of structure, it follows that the connexion 

 of the custom of mutilation with the size of the society is 

 indirect, while that with its type is direct. And this the 

 facts show us. If we put side by side those societies which 

 are most unlike in respect of the practice of mutilation, we 

 find them to be those which are most unlike as being wholly 

 unmilitant in organization, and wholly militant in organiza 

 tion. At the one extreme we have the Yedda^, Todas, 

 Bodo and Dhimals; while, at the other extreme, we have 

 the Fijians, Abyssinians, and ancient Mexicans. 



Derived from trophy-taking, and developing with the 

 development of the militant type, mutilations must, by 

 implication, decrease as fast as the societies consolidated by 

 militancy become less militant, and must disappear as the 

 industrial type of structure evolves. That they do so, 

 European history at large may be assigned in proof. And 

 it is significant that in our own society, now predominant 

 ly industrial, such slight mutilations as continue are con 

 nected with that regulative part of the organization which 

 militancy has bequeathed: there survive only the now- 



