PRESENTS. 93 



supported, have to support themselves. And as their 

 positions enable them to injure or to benefit subject persons 

 as, indeed, it is often only by their aid that the chief man 

 can be invoked; there arises the same motive to propitiate 

 them by presents that there does to propitiate by presents 

 the chief man himself. Whence the parallel growth of an 

 income. Here, from the East, is an illustration come upon 

 since the foregoing sentences were first published: &quot; Xone 

 of these [servants or slaves] receive any wages, but the 

 master presents each with a suit of clothes at the great 

 yearly festival, and gifts are also bestowed upon them, 

 mostly in money (bakshish), from such visitors as have 

 business with their master, and desire a good word spoken 

 to him at the opportune moment.&quot; 



373. Since, at first, the double of the dead man, like 

 him in all other respects, is conceived as being no less liable 

 to pain, cold, hunger, thirst; he is supposed to be similarly 

 propitiated by providing for him food, drink, clothing, etc. 

 At the outset, then, presents to the dead differ from presents 

 to the living neither in meaning nor motive. 



Lower forms of society all over the world furnish 

 proofs. Food and drink are left with the unburied corpse 

 by Papuans, Tahitians, Sandwich Islanders, Malanans, Ba- 

 dagas, Karens, ancient Peruvians, Brazilians, &c. Food 

 and drink are afterward carried to the grave in Africa by the 

 Sherbro people, the Loango people, the inland Xegroes, the 

 Dahomans, and others; throughout the Indian hills by 

 Bhils, Santals, Kukis; in America by Caribs, Chibchas, 

 Mexicans; and the like usage was general among ancient 

 races in the East. Clothes are periodically taken as pres 

 ents to the dead by the Esquimaux. In Patagonia they an 

 nually open the sepulchral chambers and re-clothe the dead ; 

 as did, too, the ancient Peruvians. When a potentate dies 

 among the Congo people, the quantity of clothes given from 

 time to time is so great &quot; that the first hut in which the body 



