OBEISANCES. 137 



of the ordinary dead, and the spirit of the apotheosized 

 dead. Uncovering round the grave continues even among 

 ourselves; and on the Continent, there is uncovering by 

 those who meet a funeral procession. Taking off the hat to 

 images of Christ and the Madonna, out of doors and in 

 doors, was enjoined in old books of manners. Unhatting on 

 the knees when the host is carried by, occurs still in Catholic 

 countries. And habitually men bare their heads on enter 

 ing places of worship. 



Xor must we omit to note that obeisances of this class, 

 too, made first to supreme persons and presently to less pow 

 erful persons, diffuse gradually until they become gen 

 eral. Quotations above given have shown incidentally that 

 in Africa partial uncovering of the shoulder is a salute be 

 tween equals, and that a kindred removal of the cloak in 

 Spain serves a like purpose. Similarly, the going barefoot 

 into a king s presence, and into a temple, originates an 

 ordinary civility. The Damaras take off their sandals be 

 fore entering a stranger s house; a Japanese leaves his 

 shoes at the door, even when he enters a shop; &quot; upon en 

 tering a Turkish house, it is the invariable rule to leave 

 the outer slipper or galosh at the foot of the stairs.&quot; And 

 then in Europe, from having been a ceremony of feudal 

 homage and of religious worship, uncovering the head has 

 become an expression of respect due even to a labourer on 

 entering his cottage. 



390. These last facts suggest a needful addition to the 

 argument. Something more must be said respecting the 

 way in which all kinds of obeisances between equals, have 

 resulted by diffusion from obeisances which originally ex 

 pressed surrender to a conqueror. 



Proof has been given that rhythmical muscular move 

 ments, naturally signifying joy, such as jumping, clapping 

 the hands, and even drumming the ribs with the elbows, 

 become simulated signs of joy used to propitiate a king. 



