140 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



morinl of victory, kills him, or else, taking some less im 

 portant part, marks him as a subject person, the conquered 

 enemy lies prone before him; now on his back, or now 

 with neck under his conqueror s foot, smeared with dirt, 

 weaponless, and with torn clothes or stripped of the trophy- 

 trimmed robe he prized. Thus the prostration, the coating 

 of dust, and the loss of covering, incidental on defeat, be 

 come, like the mutilation, recognized proofs of it. &quot;Whence 

 result, first of all, the enforced signs of submission of slaves 

 to masters and subjects to rulers; then the voluntary as 

 sumptions of humble attitudes before superiors; and, final 

 ly, those complimentary movements expressive of inferior 

 ity, made by each to the other between equals. 



That all obeisances originate in militancy, is a conclu 

 sion harmonizing with the fact that they develop along with 

 development of the militant type of society. Attitudes and 

 motions signifying subjection, do not characterize headless 

 tribes and tribes having unsettled chieftainships, like the 

 Fuegians, the Andamanese, the Australians, the Tasma- 

 nians, the Esquimaux; and accounts of etiquette among the 

 wandering and almost unorganized communities of Xorth 

 America, make little, if any, mention of actions expressing 

 subordination. It is remarked of the Kamtschadales, who 

 when found were without rulers, that &quot; their manners are 

 quite rude: they never use any civil expression or salu 

 tation; never take off their caps, nor bow to one another. 77 

 On the other hand, in societies compounded and consoli 

 dated by militancy which have acquired the militant type of 

 structure, political and social life are characterized by grov 

 elling prostrations. We find them in warlike, cannibal Fiji, 

 where the power of rulers over subjects is unlimited; we 

 find them in Uganda, where war is chronic, where the rev 

 enue is derived from plunder, and where it is said of the king 

 out shooting that, &quot; as his highness could not get any game 

 to shoot at, he shot down many people; &quot; we find them in 

 sanguinary Dahomey, where adjacent societies are attacked 



