TITLES. 167 



by descending from our own higher conceptions, instead of 

 ascending from the lower conceptions of the primitive man. 

 For what he thinks a &quot; spurious mixture &quot; of ideas is, in 

 fact, a normal union of ideas; which, in the cases named, 

 has persisted longer than commonly happens in developed 

 societies. 



The Zulus show us this union very clearly. They have 

 traditions of Unkulunkulu (literally, the old, old one), 

 &quot; who was the first man/ &quot; who came into being and begat 

 men,&quot; &quot; who gave origin to men and everything besides &quot; 

 (including the sun, moon, and heavens), and who is inferred 

 to have been a black man because all his descendants are 

 black. The original Unkulunkulu is not worshipped by 

 them, because he is supposed to be permanently dead; but 

 instead of him the Unkulunkulus of the various tribes into 

 which his descendants have divided, are severally wor 

 shipped, and severally called &quot; Father.&quot; Here, then, the 

 ideas of a Creator and a Father are directly connected. 

 Equally specific, or even more specific, are the ideas con 

 veyed in the response which the ancient Mcaraguans gave 

 to the question &quot; Who made heaven and earth? &quot; After 

 their first answers, &quot; Tamagastad and Qipattoval,&quot; &quot; our 

 great gods whom we call teotes&quot; cross-examination brought 

 out the further answers &quot; Our fathers are these teotes ; &quot; 

 &quot; all men and women descend from them; &quot; &quot; they are of 

 flesh and are man and woman; &quot; &quot; they walked over the 

 earth dressed, and ate what the Indians ate.&quot; Gods and 

 first parents being thus identified, fatherhood and divinity 

 become allied ideas. The remotest ancestor supposed to be 

 still existing in the other world to which he went, &quot; the old, 

 old one,&quot; or &quot; ancient of days,&quot; becomes the chief deity; 

 and so &quot; father &quot; is not, as we suppose, a metaphorical 

 equivalent for &quot; god,&quot; but a literal equivalent. 



Therefore it happens that among all nations we find it 

 an alternative title. In the before-quoted prayer of the 

 Caledonian to the ghost of his ancestor &quot; Compas- 



