180 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



Of course if skins or other parts of slain beasts, tend 

 thus to become badges, so, too, do parts of slain men. &quot; The 

 Chichimecs flea their heads [of their vanquished enemies] 

 and fit that skin upon their own heads with all the hair, and 

 so wear it as a token of valour, till it rots off in bits.&quot; Here 

 the scalp which proves his victory, is itself used in stamp 

 ing the warrior as honourable. Similarly when, of the Yu- 

 catanese, Landa says that &quot; after a victory they tore from 

 the slain enemy the jaw-bone, and having stripped it of 

 flesh, they put it on their arm,&quot; we may recognize the be 

 ginning of another kind of badge from another kind of 

 trophy. Though clear evidence that jawbones become 

 badges, is not forthcoming, we have good reason to think 

 that substituted representations of them do. After our war 

 with Ashantee, where, as we have seen, jawbones are ha 

 bitually taken as trophies, there were brought over to Eng 

 land among other curiosities, small models of jawbones 

 made in gold, used for personal adornment. And facts 

 presently to be cited suggest that they became ornaments 

 after having originally been badges worn by those who had 

 actually taken jawbones from enemies. 



409. Besides sometimes losing parts of their bodies, 

 which thereupon become trophies, conquered men inva 

 riably lose their weapons, which naturally also become 

 trophies; as they did among the Greeks, and as they 

 did again in the time of Charlemagne, to whom swords 

 of subdued chiefs were brought. And if, as we see, parts 

 of vanquished foes bodies, brute or human, when worn be 

 come badges; we may expect that the weapons of the van 

 quished when carried by the victors, will also become 

 badges. 



That swords are thus transformed from trophies into 

 badges, if not directly proved is indirectly implied. In 

 Japan &quot; the constant criterion [of rank] turns upon the 

 wearing of swords. The higher orders wear two . . . the 



