1S2 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



the Hebrews, Ewald infers from 1 Samuel, xviii., 10 and 

 xx vi., 12J and 2 2. And then there is the still more signifi 

 cant fact that a lance or spear, in the time of Pausanias, 

 was worshipped as the sceptre of Zens. Early European 

 history yields further evidence. &quot; The lance was a sign of 

 kingly power&quot; among the Franks, says AYaitz; and when 

 Gnntchram adopted Childebert, his nephew, he placed a 

 spear in his hand, saying, &quot; this is a sign that I have given 

 over my whole kingdom to thee.&quot; Add the evidence fur 

 nished by the shape of its terminal ornament, and we cannot 

 doubt that the sceptre is simply a modified spear a spear 

 which, ceasing to be used as a weapon, lost its fitness for de 

 structive purposes while becoming enriched with gold and 

 precious stones. That only by degrees did its character as a 

 weapon disappear, is implied by the fact that the prelate who 

 consecrated Otho in 937, said &quot; By this sceptre you shall 

 paternally chastise your subjects.&quot; And then we may infer 

 that while the spear, borne by the supreme ruler, underwent 

 transformation into the sceptre, the spears borne by sub 

 ordinates, symbolizing their deputed authority, gradually 

 changed into staves of office, batons of command, and 

 wands. 



Other facts from various quarters, support the conclu 

 sion that all such marks of official power are derived from 

 the weapons or appendages carried by the militant man. 

 Among the Araucanians &quot; the discriminative badge of the 

 toqui [supreme chief] is a species of battle-axe, made of 

 porphyry or marble.&quot; Describing a governor-general of a 

 Uganda province, Speke says: &quot; His badge of office is an 

 iron hatchet, inlaid with copper and handled with ivory.&quot; 

 And then mediaeval France supplies two instances in which 

 other parts of the warrior s belongings became badges. 

 Plate armour, originally worn by the knight as a defence, 

 was clung to by the nobility after it had ceased to be useful, 

 because it was a mark of distinction, says Quicherat; and 

 spurs, also at first knightly appendages, grew into append- 



