BADGES AND COSTUMES. 183 



ages of honour, and spread through bishops down even to 

 the ordinary clergy. 



410. Another symbol of authority, the flag or ensign, 

 seems to have had a kindred origin. This, too, is a modified 

 and developed spear. 



Certain usages of the Peruvians yield evidence. Gar- 

 cilasso says, &quot; the lance was adorned with feathers of many 

 colours; extending from the point to the socket, and fas 

 tened with rings of gold. The same ensign served as a ban 

 ner in time of war.&quot; This suggests that the appendages of 

 the lance, first used for display, incidentally furnished a 

 means of identification, whereby the whereabouts of the 

 leader could be traced. And then Mr. Markham s statement 

 that planting a lance with a banner at the end seems to have 

 been a sign of the royal presence, while it verifies the in 

 ference that the lance became by association a mark of gov 

 ernmental power, suggests also how, by development of its 

 decorative part, the banner resulted. 



That along with consolidation of small societies into 

 larger ones by conquest, followed by development of mili 

 tant organization, there arises not only the need for dis 

 tinguishing each chief of a tribe from his followers, but 

 also for distinguishing the tribes from one another, is shown 

 by sundry slightly civilized and semi-civilized peoples. 

 During wars in the Sandwich Islands, different ranks of 

 chiefs were distinguished by the sizes and colours of their 

 feather cloaks. Among the Fijians each band &quot; fights 

 under its own flag,&quot; and &quot; the flags are distinguished from 

 each other by markings.&quot; When armies were formed by 

 the Chibchas, &quot; each cazique and tribe came with different 

 signs on their tents, fitted out with the mantles by which 

 they distinguished themselves from each other.&quot; And &quot; the 

 Mexicans were very attentive to distinguish persons, par 

 ticularly in war, by different badges.&quot; When with this last 

 statement we join the further statement that &quot; the armorial 



