BADGES AND COSTUMES. 189 



413. The causes which have originated, developed, 

 and specialized badges and dresses, have done the like with 

 ornaments; which have, indeed, the same origins. 



How trophy-badges pass into ornaments, we shall see on 

 joining \vith facts given at the outset of the chapter, certain 

 kindred facts. In. Guatemala, when commemorating by 

 war-dances the victories of earlier times, the Indians were 

 &quot; dressed in the skins and wearing the heads of animals on 

 their own; &quot; and among the Chibchas, persons of rank 

 &quot; wore helmets, generally made of the skins of fierce ani 

 mals.&quot; If we recall the statement already quoted, that in 

 primitive European times, the warrior s head and shoulders 

 were protected by the hide of a wild animal (the skin of its 

 head sometimes surmounting his head) ; and if we add the 

 statement of Plutarch that the Cimbri wore helmets repre 

 senting the heads of wild beasts ; we may infer that the ani 

 mal-ornaments on metal-helmets began as imitations of 

 hunter s trophies. This inference is supported by evidence 

 already cited in part, but in part reserved for the present oc 

 casion. The Ashantees who, as we have seen, take human 

 jaws as trophies, use both actual jaws and golden models of 

 jaws for different decorative purposes: adorning their musi 

 cal instruments, &c., with the realities, and carrying on 

 their persons the metallic representations. A parallel deri 

 vation occurs among the Malagasy. When we read that by 

 them silver ornaments like crocodile s teeth are worn on 

 various parts of the body, we can scarcely doubt that the 

 silver teeth are substitutes for actual teeth originally worn 

 as trophies. 



We shall the less doubt this derivation on observing in 

 how many parts of the world personal ornaments are made 

 out of these small and durable parts of conquered men and 

 animals, how by Caribs, Tupis, Moxos, Ashantees, human 

 teeth are made into armlets, anklets, and necklaces; and 

 how in other cases the teeth of beasts, mostly formidable, 

 are used in like ways. The necklaces of the Land Dyaks 



