BADGES AND COSTUMES. 195 



bodies of slain brutes and men, conclusively show this ; and 

 we are shown it with equal conclusiveness by those badges, 

 or symbols of authority, which were originally weapons 

 taken from the vanquished. On finding that a dress, too, 

 originally consisting of a wild animal s skin, has at the out 

 set like implications bringing like honours; and on finding 

 also that as a spoil wrenched from the conquered man, the 

 dress, whether a trophy of the chase or of other kind, comes 

 by its presence and absence to be distinctive of conqueror 

 and conquered; and on further finding that in subsequent 

 stages such additional dress-distinctions as arise, are brought 

 in by members of conquering societies, differently clothed 

 from both upper and lower classes of the societies con 

 quered; we are shown that from the beginning these con 

 spicuous marks of superiority and inferiority resulted from 

 war. And after seeing how war incidentally initiated 

 badges and costumes, we shall understand how there fol 

 lowed a conscious recognition of them as connected with 

 success in arms, and as being for that reason honourable. 

 Instances of this direct relation are furnished by the mili 

 tant societies of ancient America. In Mexico, the king 

 could not wear full dress before he had made a prisoner in 

 battle. In Peru, &quot; those (of the vassals) who had worked 

 most in the subjugation of the other Indians . . . were al 

 lowed to imitate the Ynca most closely in their badges.&quot; 

 And how dresses, at first marking military supremacy, be 

 come afterwards dresses marking political supremacy, or 

 political power derived from it, we may gather from the 

 statement that in ancient Rome &quot; the toga picta and the toga 

 palmata (the latter so called from the palm branches em 

 broidered on it) were worn by victorious commanders at 

 their triumphs ; also (in imperial times) by consuls entering 

 on their office, by the praetors at \hepompa circensis, and by 

 tribunes of the people at theAugustalia.&quot; 



Enforcing direct evidence of this kind, comes the in 

 direct evidence obtained by comparing societies of different 



