CEREMONIAL RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT. 217 



longer bearing any resemblance to their originals. And 

 besides the increasing heterogeneity which in each society 

 arises among products having a common origin, there is 

 the further heterogeneity which arises between this aggre 

 gate of products in one society and the allied aggregates 

 in other societies. 



Simultaneously there is progress in definiteness ; end 

 ing, as in the East, in fixed forms prescribed in all their de 

 tails, which must not under penalty be departed from. And 

 in sundry places the vast assemblages of complex and defi 

 nite ceremonies thus elaborated, are consolidated into coher 

 ent codes set forth in books. 



The advance in integration, in heterogeneity, in defi- 

 niteness, and in coherence, is thus fully exemplified. 



428. When we observe the original unity exhibited 

 by ceremony as it exists in primitive hordes, in contrast 

 with the diversity which ceremony, under its forms of 

 political, religious, and social, assumes in developed socie 

 ties; we recognize another aspect of this transformation 

 undergone by all products of evolution. 



The common origin of propitiatory forms which eventu 

 ally appear unallied, was in the last volume indicated by 

 the numerous parallelisms we found between religious cere 

 monies and ceremonies performed in honouring the dead; 

 and the foregoing chapters have shown that still more re 

 markable are the parallelisms between ceremonies of these 

 kinds and those performed in honouring the living. We 

 have seen that as a sequence of trophy-taking, parts of the 

 body are surrendered to rulers, offered at graves, deposited 

 in temples, and occasionally presented to equals; and we 

 have seen that mutilations hence originating, become marks 

 of submission to kings, to deities, to dead relatives, and in 

 some cases to living friends. Beginning with presents, 

 primarily of food, made to strangers by savages to secure 

 goodwill, we pass to the presents, also primarily of food, 



