224 CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



War of necessity cultivates deception : ambush, ma 

 noeuvring, feints, and the like, involve acted lies; and skil 

 ful lying by actions is regarded as a trait of military genius. 

 The slavery which successful war establishes, implies daily 

 practice in duplicity. Against the anger of his cruel master 

 a successful falsehood is the slave s defence. Under tyrants 

 unscrupulous in their exactions, skilful lying is a means of 

 salvation, and is a source of pride. And all the ceremonies 

 which accompany the regime of compulsory co-operation 

 are pervaded by insincerity : the fulsome laudations are not 

 believed by the utterer; he feels none of that love for his 

 superior which he professes; nor is he anxious for his wel 

 fare as his words assert. But in proportion as compul 

 sory co-operation is replaced by voluntary co-operation, the 

 temptations to deceive that penalties may be escaped, be 

 come less strong and perpetual ; and simultaneously, truth 

 fulness is fostered, since voluntary co-operation can increase 

 only as fast as mutual trust increases. Though throughout 

 the activities of industry there yet survives much of the 

 militant uiitruthf illness ; yet, on remembering that only by 

 daily fulfilment of contracts can these activities go on, we 

 see that in the main the things promised are performed. 

 And along with the spreading truthfulness thus implied, 

 there goes on an increasing dislike of the more extreme un- 

 truthfulness implied in the forms of propitiation. Neither 

 in word nor in act do the professed feelings so greatly ex 

 ceed the real feelings. 



It scarcely needs saying that as social co-operation be 

 comes less coercive and more voluntary, independence in 

 creases; for the two statements are different aspects of 

 the same. Forced service implies dependence; while ser 

 vice rendered under agreement implies independence. 

 Naturally, the different moral attitudes involved, express 

 ing themselves in different political types, as relatively des 

 potic and relatively free, express themselves also in the ac 

 companying kinds of ceremonial rule that are tolerated or 



