ADDENDA. 



ADDENDA. 



MUTILATIONS. In Chap. III., and in the appended note, I have 

 assigned grounds for the conclusion that (beyond some which arise 

 from the simulation of battle-wounds) the skin-marks made on sav 

 ages, from the scars of great gashes down to tatoo-lines, originate in 

 the wide-spread practice of letting blood for the dead at a funeral : 

 naming, in all, there and elsewhere, fourteen illustrations. I add 

 here an instructive one given by Beckwourth, &quot;who for many years 

 lived among &quot; the Crows. Describing the ceremonies at a head chief s 

 death, he writes: 



&quot; Blood was streaming from every conceivable part of the bodies of all who 

 were old enough to comprehend their loss. Hundreds of ringers were dismem 

 bered ; hair torn from the head lay in profusion about the paths ; wails and 

 moans in every direction assailed the ear. . . . Long Hair cut off a large roll 

 of his hair, a thing he was never known to do before. The cutting and hack 

 ing of human flesh exceeded all my previous experience ; fingers were dismem 

 bered as readily as twigs, and blood was poured out like water. Many of the 

 warriors would cut two gashes nearly the entire length of their arm ; then, 

 separating the skin from the flesh at one end, would grasp it in their other 

 hand and rip it asunder to the shoulder. Others would carve various devices 

 upon their breasts and shoulders, and raise the skin in the same manner to 

 make the scars show to advantage after the wound was healed.&quot; H. C. Yar 

 row s Introduction to the Study of Mortuary Customs among the North Ameri 

 can Indians, pp. 90-91. 



Here, besides seeing that offerings of blood are accompanied by 

 offerings of fingers and of hair, with which I have associated them 

 (all of them acts of propitiation which leave marks that become signs 

 of allegiance and subordination), we get clear evidence of the transi 

 tion to decorative marks. Some of the mourners &quot;would carve vari 

 ous devices upon their breasts and shoulders,&quot; and raise the skin &quot;to 

 make the scars show to advantage.&quot; Dr. Tylor, who, describing my 

 method as being that of deducing all men s customs &quot; from laws of 

 nature,&quot; alleges that my inferences are vitiated by it, contends that the 

 skin-marks are all record-marks, when not deliberately decorative. 

 Whether the inductive basis for this conclusion is wider than that for 

 the conclusion drawn by me, and whether the superiority of Dr. 

 Tylor s method is thereby shown, may be judged by the reader who 

 refers to his essay. 



PRESENTS. In 376, sundry facts were named which pointed to 

 the conclusion that barter does not begin consciously as such, but is 

 initiated by the exchange of presents, which usage more and more re 

 quires to be of equal values. My attention has since been drawn to a 

 verifying instance in the Iliad ; where, in token of friendship, an ex 

 change of arms is made between Glaucus and Diomedes : 



&quot; Howbeit Zeus then bereaved Glaucus of his wits, in that he exchanged 

 with Diomedes, the son of Tydeus, golden arms for bronze, a hundred oxen s 

 worth for nine.&quot; 



Homer s obvious notion being that there should be likeness of worth 

 in the presents mutually made ; and the implication being that this 



