PRELIMINARY. 239 



nnd then if, on the other hand, we contemplate our own 

 recent acts of international brigandage, accompanied by the 

 slaughter of thousands who have committed no wrong against 

 us accompanied, too, by perfidious breaches of faith and the 

 killing of prisoners in cold blood ; we must admit that be 

 tween the types of men classed as uncivilized and civilized, 

 the differences are not necessarily of the kinds commonly 

 supposed. Whatever relation exists between moral nature 

 and social type, is not such, as to imply that the social man is 

 in all respects emotionally superior to the pre-social man.* 



438. &quot; How is this conclusion to be reconciled with the 

 conception of progress ? &quot; most readers will ask. &quot; How is 

 civilization to be justified if, as is thus implied, some of the 

 highest of human attributes are exhibited in greater degrees 

 by wild people who live scattered in pairs in the woods, than 

 by the members of a vast, well-organized nation, having 



* What the social man, even of advanced race, is capable of, has been 

 again shown while the e lines are standing in type. To justify the destruc 

 tion of two African towns in Batanga, we are told that their king, wishing to 

 have a trading factory established, and disappointed with the promise of a 

 sub-factory, boarded an English schooner, carried off Mr. Govier, the mate, 

 and refusing to release him when asked, &quot; threatened to cut the man s head 

 off&quot; : a strange mode, if true, of getting a trading factory established. 

 Mr. Govier afterwards escaped ; not having been ill-treated during his deten 

 tion. Anchoring the Boadicea and two gunboats off Kribby s Town (&quot;King 

 Jack s&quot; residence), Commodore Richards demanded of the king that he 

 should come on board and explain : promising him safety, and threatening 

 serious consequences in case of refusal. Not trusting the promise, the king 

 failed to come. Without ascertaining from the natives whether they had 

 any reason for laying hands on Mr. Govier, save this most improbable one 

 alleged by our people, Commodore Eichards proceeded, after some hours 

 notice, to clear the beach with shells, to burn the town of 300 houses, to cut 

 down the natives crops, and to destroy their canoes ; and then, not satisfied 

 with burning &quot;King Jack s&quot; town, went further south and burnt &quot;King 

 Long-Long s&quot; town. These facts are published in the Times of September 

 10, 1880. In an article on them, this organ of English respectability regrets 

 that &quot;the punishment must seem, to the childish mind of the savage, wholly 

 disproportionate to the offence :&quot; implying that to the adult mind of tho 

 civilized it will not seem disproportionate. Further, this leading journal of 

 Wiling classes who hold that, in the absence of established theological dogmas, 



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