CHAPTER II. 



POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN GENERAL. 



440. The mere gathering of individuals into a frroup does 

 not constitute them a society. A society, in the sociological 

 sense, is formed only when, besides juxtaposition there is co 

 operation. So long as members of the group do not combine 

 their energies to achieve some common end or ends, there is 

 little to keep them together. They are prevented from sepa 

 rating only when the wants of each are better satisfied by 

 uniting his efforts with those of others, than they would be 

 if he anted alone. 



Cooperation, then, is at once that which cannot exist 

 without a society, and that for which a society exists. It 

 may be a joining of many strengths to effect something which 

 the strength of no single man can effect ; or it may be an 

 apportioning of different activities to different persons, who 

 severally participate in the benefits of one another s activities. 

 The motive for acting together, originally the dominant one, 

 may be defence against enemies ; or it may be the easier ob- 

 tainment of food, by the chase or otherwise ; or it may be, 

 and commonly is, both of these. In any case, however, the 

 units pass from the state of perfect independence to the state 

 of mutual dependence; and as fast as they do this they 

 become united into a society rightly so called. 



But cooperation implies organization. If acts are to be 

 effectually combined, there must be arrangements under which 

 they are adjusted in their times, amounts, and characters. 



441. This social &quot;organization, necessary as a means to 

 concerted action, is of two kinds. Though these two kinds 



