POLITICAL ORGANIZATION- IN GENERAL. 261 



structure accompanies increase of mass,&quot; in social organisms 

 as in individual organisms. When small societies are com 

 pounded into a larger society, the controlling agencies needed 

 in the several component societies must be subordinated to a 

 central controlling agency : new structures are required. Re- 

 compounding necessitates a kindred further complexity in 

 the governmental arrangements ; and at each of such stages 

 of increase, all other arrangements must become more com 

 plicated. As Duruy remarks &quot;By becoming a world in 

 place of a town, Rome could not conserve institutions esta 

 blished for a single city and a small territory. . . . How 

 was it possible for sixty millions of provincials to enter the 

 narrow and rigid circle of municipal institutions ?&quot; The like 

 holds where, instead of extension of territory, there is only 

 increase of population. The contrast between the simple 

 administrative system which sufficed in old English times 

 for a million people, and the complex administrative system 

 at present needed for many millions, sufficiently indicates 

 this general truth. 



Bat now, mark a corollary. If, on the one hand, further 

 growth implies more complex structure, on the other hand, 

 changeableness of structure is a condition to further growth ; 

 and, conversely, unchangeableness of structure is a concomi 

 tant of arrested growth. Like the correlative law just noted, 

 this law is clearly seen in individual organisms. Necessarily, 

 transition from the small immature form to the large 

 mature form in a living creature, implies that all the parts 

 have to be changed in their sizes and connexions : every 

 detail of every organ has to be modified ; and this implies 

 the retention of plasticity. Necessarily, also, when, on 

 approaching maturity, the organs are assuming their final 

 arrangement, their increasing definiteness and firmness con 

 stitute an increasing impediment to growth : the un-building 

 and re-building required before there can be re-adjustment, 

 become more and more difficult. So is it with a society. 

 Augmentation of its mass necessitates change of the pre- 



