POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN GENERAL. 263 



possible. It pre-supposes associated men ; and men remain 

 associated because of the benefits cooperation yields them. 



But there cannot be concerted actions without agencies by 

 which actions are adjusted in their times, amounts, and kinds; 

 and the actions cannot be of various kinds without the co- 

 operators undertaking different duties. That is to say, the 

 cooperators must become organized, either voluntarily or 

 involuntarily. 



The organization which cooperation implies, is of two 

 kinds, distinct in origin and nature. The one, arising directly 

 from the pursuit of individual ends, and indirectly conducing 

 to social welfare, develops unconsciously and is non-coercive. 

 The other, arising directly from the pursuit of social ends, 

 and indirectly conducing to individual welfare, develops 

 consciously and is coercive. 



While, by making cooperation possible, political organiza 

 tion achieves benefits, deductions from these benefits are 

 entailed by the organization. Maintenance of it is costly ; 

 and the cost may become a greater evil than the evils escaped. 

 It necessarily imposes restraints ; and these restraints may 

 become so extreme that anarchy, with all its miseries, is 

 preferable. 



An established organization is an obstacle to re-organiza 

 tion. Self-sustentation is the primary aim of each part as of 

 the whole ; and hence parts once formed tend to continue, 

 whether they are or are not useful. Moreover, each addition 

 to the regulative structures, implying, other things equal, a 

 simultaneous deduction from the rest of the society which 

 is regulated, it results that while the obstacles to change 

 are increased, the forces causing change are decreased. 



Maintenance of a society s organization implies that the 

 units forming its component structures shall severally be re 

 placed as they die. Stability is favoured if the vacancies 

 they leave are filled without dispute by descendants ; while 

 change is favoured if the vacancies are filled by those who 



