2G6 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



comes to be carried on in a sentient way, and in a way 

 differing from the primitive way in this, that it directly 

 furthers the life of the whole, and indirectly furthers the 

 lives of the component units. Eventually, the well-consoli 

 dated and organized aggregate, which originally had no other 

 life than was constituted by the separate lives of these 

 minute creatures massed together, acquires a corporate life 

 predominating over their lives ; and also acquires desires by 

 which its activities are guided to acts of incorporation. To 

 which add the obvious corollary that as, in the course of 

 evolution, its size increases, it incorporates with itself larger 

 and larger aggregates as prey. 



Analogous stages may be traced in the growth of social 

 organisms, and in the accompanying forms of action. At first 

 there is no other life in the group than that seen in the lives 

 of its members ; and only as organization increases does the 

 group as a whole come to have that joint life constituted 

 by mutually-dependant actions. The members of a primi 

 tive horde, loosely aggregated, and without distinctions of 

 power, cooperate for immediate furtherance of individual 

 sustentation, and in a comparatively small degree for corpo 

 rate sustentation. Even when, the interests of all being 

 simultaneously endangered, they simultaneously fight, they 

 still fight separately their actions are uncoordinated ; and 

 the only spoils of successful battle are such as can be indi 

 vidually appropriated. But in the course of the struggles for 

 existence between groups thus unorganized, there comes, with 

 the development of such political organization as gives tribal 

 individuality, the struggle to incorporate one another, firtft 

 partially and then wholly. Tribes which are larger, or better 

 organized, or both, conquer adjacent tribes and annex them, 

 so that they form parts of a compound whole. And as 

 political evolution advances, it becomes a trait of the larger 

 and stronger societies that they acquire appetites prompting 

 them to subjugate and incorporate weaker societies. 



Full perception of this difference will be gained on looking 



