POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 2G7 



more closely at the contrast between the wars of small groups 

 and those of large nations. As, even among dogs, the fights 

 that arise between individuals when one attempts to take 

 another s food, grow into fights between packs if one tres 

 passes upon the feeding haunts of another (as is seen in 

 Constantinople) ; so among primitive men, individual con 

 flicts for food pass into conflicts between hordes, when, in 

 pursuit of food, one encroaches on another s territory. After 

 the pastoral state is reached, such motives continue with a 

 difference. &quot; Retaliation for past robberies,&quot; is the habitual plea 

 for war among the Bechuanas : &quot; their real object being always 

 the acquisition of cattle.&quot; Similarly among European peoples 

 in ancient days. Achilles says of the Trojans &quot; They are 

 blameless as respects me, since they have never driven away 

 my oxen, nor my horses.&quot; And the fact that in Scotland 

 during early times, cattle-raids were habitual causes of inter 

 tribal fights, shows us how persistent have been these 

 struggles for the means of individual sustentation. Even 

 where the life is agricultural, the like happens at the outset. 

 &quot;A field or a farrow s breadth of land is disputed upon the 

 border of a district, and gives rise to rustic strife between the 

 parties and their respective hamlets,&quot; says Macpherson of the 

 Khonds; and &quot;should the tribes to which the disputants 

 belong be disposed to hostility, they speedily embrace the 

 quarrel.&quot; So that competition in social growth is still re 

 stricted to competition for the means to that personal welfare 

 indirectly conducive to social growth. 



In yet another way do we see exemplified this general 

 truth. The furthering of growth by that which furthers the 

 multiplication of units, is shown us in the stealing of 

 women a second cause of primitive war. Men of one tribe 

 who abduct the women of another, not only by so doing 

 directly increase the number of their own tribe, but, in a 

 greater degree, indirectly conduce to its increase by after 

 wards adding to the number of children. In which mode of 

 growing at one another s expense, common among existing 



