POLITICAL INTEGEATION. 2G9 



doubt, the cause of the almost entire absence of social organi 

 zation.&quot; We saw, too, that great uniformity of surface, of 

 mineral products, of flora, of fauna, are impediments ; and 

 that on the special characters of the flora and fauna, as con 

 taining species favourable or unfavourable to human welfare, 

 in part depends the individual prosperity required for social 

 growth. It was also pointed out that structure of the 



habitat, as facilitating or impeding communication, and as 

 rendering escape easy or hard, has much to do with the size 

 of the social aggregate formed. To the illustrations before 

 given, showing that mountain-haunting peoples and peoples 

 living in deserts and marshes are difficult to consolidate, 

 while peoples penned in by barriers are consolidated with 

 facility, I may here add two significant ones not before 

 noticed. One occurs in the Polynesian islands Tahiti, 

 Hawaii, Tonga, Samoa, and the rest where, restrained 

 within limits by surrounding seas, the inhabitants have 

 become united more or less closely into aggregates of con 

 siderable sizes. The other is furnished by ancient Peru, 

 where, before the time of the Yncas, semi-civilized com 

 munities had been formed in valleys separated from each 

 other &quot; on the coast, by hot, and almost impassable deserts, 

 and in the interior by lofty mountains, or cold and trackless 

 punas&quot; And to the implied inability of these peoples to 

 escape governmental coercion, thus indicated by Squier as a 

 factor in their civilization, is ascribed, by the ancient Spanish 

 writer Cieza, the difference between them and the neighbour 

 ing Indians of Popoyan, who could retreat, &quot; whenever 

 attacked, to other fertile regions.&quot; How, conversely, 



the massing of men together is furthered by ease of inteinnl 

 communication within the area occupied, is sufficiently mani 

 fest. The importance of it is implied by the remark of 

 Grant concerning Equatorial Africa, that &quot;no jurisdiction 

 extends over a district which cannot be crossed in three or 

 four days.&quot; And such facts, implying that political integra 

 tion may increase as the means of going from place to place 



