POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 273 



among themselves for hunting grounds.&quot; And this rise of 

 the society out of the family, seen in these least organized 

 groups, re-appears in the considerably organized groups of 

 more advanced savages. Instance the New Zealanders, of 

 whom we read that &quot; eighteen historical nations occupy the 

 country, each being sub-divided into many tribes, originally 

 families, as the prefix Ngati, signifying offspring (equivalent 

 to or Mac) obviously indicates.&quot; This connexion between 

 blood relationship and social union is well shown by 

 Humboldt s remarks concerning South American Indians. 

 &quot; Savages,&quot; he says, &quot; know only their own family, and a tribe 

 appears to them but a more numerous assemblage of rela 

 tions.&quot; When Indians who inhabit the missions see those of 

 the forest, who are unknown to them, they say &quot; They are 

 no doubt my relations ; I understand them when they speak 

 to me.&quot; But these same savages detest all who are not of 

 their tribe. &quot; They know the duties of family ties and of 

 relationship, but not those of humanity.&quot; 



When treating of the domestic relations, reasons were 

 given for concluding that social stability increases as kinships 

 become more definite and extended ; since development of 

 kinships, while insuring the likeness of nature which furthers 

 cooperation, involves the strengthening and multiplication 

 of those family bonds which check disruption. Where pro 

 miscuity is prevalent, or where marriages are temporary, the 

 known relationships are relatively few and not close ; and 

 there is little more social cohesion than results from habit 

 and vague sense of kinship. Polyandry, especially of the 

 higher kind, produces relationships of some definiteness, 

 which admit of being traced further : so serving better to tie 

 the social group together. And a greater advance in the 

 nearness and the number of family connexions results from 

 polygyny. But, as was shown, it is from monogamy that 

 there arise family connexions which are at once the most 

 definite and the most wide-spreading in their ramifications ; 

 and out of mouogamic families are developed the largest and 



