POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 277 



fertile sources of confusion and antagonism must be the 

 partial or complete differences of language which habitually 

 accompany differences of race. Similarly, those who aro 

 widely unlike in their emotional natures or in their intellec 

 tual natures, perplex one another by unexpected conduct a 

 fact on which travellers habitually remark. Hence a further 

 obstacle to combined action. Diversities of custom, too, 

 become causes of dissension. Where a food eaten by one 

 people is regarded by another with disgust, where an animal 

 held sacred by the one is by the other treated with contempt, 

 where a salute which the one expects is never made by the 

 other, there must be continually generated alienations which 

 hinder joint efforts. Other things equal, facility of coopera 

 tion will be proportionate to the amount of fellow feeling ; 

 and fellow feeling is prevented by whatever prevents men 

 from behaving in the same ways under the same conditions. 

 The working together of the original and derived factors 

 above enumerated, is well exhibited in the following passage 

 from Grote : 



&quot;The Hellens were all of common blood and parentage, were all 

 descendants of the common patriarch Hellen. In treating of the his 

 torical Greeks, we have to accept this as a datum ; it represents the 

 sentiment under the influence of which they moved and acted. It is 

 placed by Herodotus in the front rank, as the chief of those four ties 

 which bound together the Hellenic aggregate : 1. Fellowship of blood ; 

 2. Fellowship of language ; 3. Fixed domiciles of gods, and sacrifices 

 common to all ; 4. Like manners and dispositions.&quot; 



Influential as we thus find to be the likeness of nature 

 which is insured by common descent, the implication is that, 

 hi the absence of considerable likeness, the political aggre 

 gates formed are unstable, and can be maintained only by a 

 coercion which, some time or other, is sure to fail. Though 

 other causes have conspired, yet this has doubtless been a 

 main cause of the dissolution of great empires in past ages. 

 At the present time the decay of the Turkish Empire is 

 largely, if not chiefly, ascribable to it. Our own Indian 

 Empire too, held together by force in a state of artificial 



