POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 279 



numbers of eight or ten, unite by common consent, and form 

 a district or state for mutual protection ;&quot; and during hosti 

 lities these districts themselves sometimes unite in twos and 

 threes. The like has happened with historic peoples. 



It was daring the wars of the Israelites in David s time, that 

 they passed from the state of separate tribes into the state of 

 a consolidated ruling nation. The scattered Greek communi 

 ties, previously aggregated into minor confederacies by minor 

 wars, were prompted to the Pan-Hellenic congress and to the 

 subsequent cooperation, when the invasion of Xerxes was 

 impending ; and of the Spartan and Athenian confederacies 

 afterwards formed, that of Athens acquired the hegemony, 

 and finally the empire, during continued operations against 

 the Persians. So, too, was it with the Teutonic races. 



The German tribes, originally without federal bonds, formed 

 occasional alliances for opposing enemies. Between the 

 first and fifth centuries these tribes massed themselves into 

 great groups for resistance against, or attack upon, Eome. 

 During the subsequent century the prolonged military con 

 federations of peoples &quot; of the same blood &quot; had grown into 

 States, which afterwards became ai^regated into still larger 



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States. And, to take a comparatively modern instance, the 

 wars between France and England aided each in passing 

 from that condition in which its feudal divisions were in 

 considerable degrees independent, to the condition of a con 

 solidated nation. As further showing how integration 



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of smaller societies into larger ones is thus initiated, it may 

 be added that at first the unions exist only for military pur 

 poses. Each component society retains for a long time its 

 independent internal administration ; and it is only when 

 joint action in war has become habitual, that the cohesion is 

 made permanent by a common political organization. 



This compounding of smaller communities into larger by 

 military cooperation, is insured by the disappearance of such 

 smaller communities as do not cooperate. Barth remarks 

 that ( the Fiilbe [Fulahs] are continually advancing, as they 



