POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 283 



patriarchal group constituted the tribe, and when the wish 

 of the tribe to strengthen itself was dominant ; though it was 

 doubtless afterwards maintained chiefly by the wish to have 

 someone to continue the sacrifices to ancestors. And, indeed, 

 on remembering that, long after larger societies were formed 

 by unions of patriarchal groups, there continued to be feuds 

 between the component families and clans, we may see that 

 there had never ceased to operate on such families and clans, 

 the primitive motive for strengthening themselves by increas 

 ing their numbers. 



Kindred motives produced kindred results within more 

 modern societies, during times when their parts were so im 

 perfectly integrated that there remained antagonisms among 

 them. Thus we have the fact that in mediaeval England, 

 while local rule was incompletely subordinated to general 

 rule, every free man had to attach himself to a lord, a burgh, 

 or a guild : being otherwise &quot; a friendless man,&quot; and in a 

 danger like that which the savage is in when not belonging 

 to a tribe. And then, on the other hand, in the law that 

 &quot; if a bondsman continued a year and a day within a free, 

 burgh or municipality, no lord could reclaim him,&quot; we may 

 recognize an effect of a desire on the part of industrial groups 

 to strengthen themselves against the feudal groups around 

 an effect analogous to that of adoption, here into the savage 

 tribe and there into the family as it existed in more anciont 

 societies. Naturally, as a whole nation becomes more in 

 tegrated, local integrations lose their separateness, and their 

 divisions fade ; though they long leave their traces, as among 

 ourselves in the law of settlement, and as, up to 1824, in the 

 laws affecting the freedom of travelling of artisans. 



These last illustrations introduce us to the truth that while 

 at first there is little cohesion and great mobility of the units 

 forming a group, advance in integration is habitually accom 

 panied not only by decreasing ability to go from group to 

 group, but also by decreasing ability to go from place to 

 place within the group. Of course the transition from the 



