286 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



operation arise. For a long time the clans and tribes de 

 scending from such primitive patriarchal groups, have their 

 political concert facilitated by this bond of relationship and 

 the likeness it involves. Only after adaptation to social life 

 has made considerable progress, does harmonious cooperation 

 among those who are not of the same stock become practi 

 cable ; and even then their unlikenesses of nature must be 

 small. Where their unlikenesses of nature are great, the 

 society, held together only by force, tends to disintegrate 

 when the force fails. 



Likeness in the units forming a social group being one 

 condition to their integration, a further condition is their 

 joint reaction against external action : cooperation in war is 

 the chief cause of social integration. The temporary unions 

 of savages for offence aud defence, show us the initiatory 

 step. When many tribes unite against a common enemy, 

 long continuance of their combined action makes them 

 coherent under some common control. And so it is subse 

 quently with still larger aggregates. 



Progress in social integration is both a cause and a con 

 sequence of a decreasing separableness among the units. 

 Primitive wandering hordes exercise no such restraints over 

 their members as prevent them individually from leaving one 

 horde and joining another at will. Where tribes are more 

 developed, desertion of one and admission into another are 

 less easy the assemblages are not so loose in composition. 

 And throughout those long stages during which societies are 

 being enlarged and consolidated by militancy, the mobility of 

 the units becomes more and more restricted. Only with that 

 substitution of voluntary cooperation for compulsory co 

 operation which characterizes developing industrialism, do 

 the restrictions on movement disappear : enforced union 

 being in such societies adequately replaced by spontaneous 

 union. 



A remaining truth to be named is that political integration, 

 as it advances, obliterates the original divisions among the 



