POLITICAL DIFFERENTIATION. 289 



which present no permanent unlikenesses of social position ; 

 or if iinlikeness exist, as some travellers allege, they are so 

 vague that they are denied by others. And in such \\ ander- 

 iuff hordes as the Coroados of South America, formed of 







individuals held together so feebly that they severally join 

 one or other horde at will, the distinctions of parts are but 

 nominal. 



Conversely, it is to be anticipated that where the several 

 parts of a social aggregate are heterogeneously conditioned in 

 a permanent way, they will become proportionately hetero 

 geneous. We shall see this more clearly on changing the 

 point of view. 



455. The general law that like units exposed to like 

 forces tend to integrate, was in the last chapter exemplified 

 by the formation of social groups. Here the correlative 

 general law, that in proportion as the like units of an aggregate 

 are exposed to unlike forces they tend to form differentiated 

 parts of the aggregate, has to be observed in its application to 

 such groups, as the second step in social evolution. 



The primary political differentiation originates from the 

 primary family differentiation. Men and women being by 

 the unlikenesses of their functions in life, exposed to unlike 

 influences, begin from the first to assume unlike positions in 

 the community as they do in the family : very early they 

 respectively form the two political classes of rulers and 

 ruled. And how truly such dissimilarity of social positions 

 as arises between them, is caused by dissimilarity in their 

 relations to surrounding actions, we shall see on observing 

 that the one is small or great according as the other is small 

 or great. When treating of the status of women, it was 

 pointed out that to a considerable degree among the Chippe- 

 wayans, and to a still greater degree among the Clatsops and 

 Chinooks, &quot;who live upon fish and roots, which the women 

 are equally expert with the men in procuring, the former have 

 a rank and influence very rarely found among Indians.&quot; We 



