POLITICAL DIFFERENTIATION. 295 



And of kindred import is the following passage from Innes: 



&quot; I have said that of the inhabitants of the Grange, the lowest in the 

 scale was the ceorl, bond, serf, or villein, who was transferred like the 

 land on which he laboured, and who might be caught and brought 

 back if he attempted to escape, like a stray ox or sheep. Their legal 

 name of nativus, or neyf, which 1 have not found but in Britain, seems 

 to point to their origin in the native race, the original possessors of the 

 soil. ... In the register of Dunfermline are numerous genealogies, or 

 stud-books, for enabling the lord to trace and reclaim his stock of serf a 

 by descent. It is observable that most of them are of Celtic names.&quot; 



Clearly, a subjugated territory, useless without cultivators, 

 was left in the hands of the original cultivators, because 

 nothing was to be gained by putting others in their places ; 

 even could an adequate number of others be had. Hence, 

 while it became the conqueror s interest to tie each original 

 cultivator to the soil, it also became his interest to let him 

 have such an amount of produce as to maintain him and 

 enable him to rear offspring, and it further became his interest 

 to protect him against injuries which would incapacitate him 

 for work. 



To show how fundamental is the distinction between bondage 

 of the primitive type and the bondage of serfdom, it needs but 

 to add that while the one can, arid does, exist among savages 

 and pastoral tribes, the other becomes possible only after the 

 agricultural stage is reached ; for only then can there occur the 

 bodily annexation of one society by another, and only then 

 can there be any tying to the soil. 



458. Associated men who live by hunting, and to whom 

 the area occupied is of value only as a habitat for game, can 

 not well have anything more than a common participation in 

 the use of this occupied area : such ownership of it as they 

 have, must be joint ownership. Naturally, then, at the outset 

 all the adult males, who are at once hunters and warriors, 

 are the common possessors of the undivided land, encroach 

 ment on which by other tribes they resist. Though, in tho 

 earlier pastoral state, especially where the barrenness of the 



