302 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



drudgeries, partially lose what agility and address they natu 

 rally had. Class-predominance is thus further facilitated. 



And then there are the respective mental traits produced 

 by daily exercise of power and by daily submission to power. 

 The ideas, and sentiments, and modes of behaviour, perpetu 

 ally repeated, generate on the one side an inherited fitness for 

 command, and on the other side an inherited fitness for 

 obedience ; with the result that, in course of time, there 

 arises on both sides the belief that the established relations of 

 classes are the natural ones. 



461. By implying habitual war among settled societies, 

 the foregoing interpretations have implied the formation of 

 compound societies. Such class-divisions as have been 

 described, are therefore usually complicated by further class- 

 divisions arising from the relations established between those 

 conquerors and conquered whose respective groups already 

 contain class-divisions. 



This increasing differentiation which accompanies increas 

 ing integration, is clearly seen in such semi-civilized societies 

 as that of the Sandwich Islanders. Their ranks are - 

 &quot; 1. King, queens, and royal family, along with the councillor or 

 chief minister of the king. 2. The governors of the different islands, 

 and the chiefs of several large divisions. Many of these are descendants 

 of those who were kings of the respective islands in Cook s time, and 

 until subdued by T-amehameha. 3. Chiefs of districts or villages, who 

 pay a regular rent for the land, cultivating it by means of their depen 

 dants, or letting it out to tenants. This rank includes also the ancient 

 priests. 4. The labouring classes those renting small portions of land, 

 those working on the land for food and clothing, mechanics, musicians, 

 and dancers.&quot; 



And, as shown elsewhere, these labouring classes are other 

 wise divisible into artizans, who are paid wages ; serfs, 

 attached to the soil ; and slaves. Inspection makes it tolera 

 bly clear that the lowest chiefs, once independent, were re 

 duced to the second rank when adjacent chiefs conquered 

 them and became local kings ; and that they were reduced to 

 the third rank at the same time that these local kings becani3 



