310 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



society as a whole a concomitant of developed political 

 administration. 



Chiefly, however, we have to note that while the higher 

 political evolution of large social aggregates, tends to break 

 down the divisions of rank which grew up in the small com 

 ponent social aggregates, by substituting other divisions, 

 these original divisions are still more broken down by grow 

 ing industrialism. Generating a wealth that is not connected 

 with rank, this initiates a competing power ; and at the 

 same time, by establishing the equal positions of citizens 

 before the law in respect of trading transactions, it weakens 

 those divisions which at the outset expressed inequalities of 

 position before the law. 



As verifying these interpretations, I may add that they 

 harmonize with the interpretations of ceremonial insti 

 tutions already given. When the conquered enemy is made 

 a slave, and mutilated by taking a trophy from his body, we 

 see simultaneously originating the deepest political distinction 

 and the ceremony which marks it; and with the continued 

 militancy that compounds and re-compounds social groups, 

 there goes at once the development of political distinctions 

 and the development of ceremonies marking them. And as 

 we before saw that growing industrialism diminishes the 

 rigour of ceremonial rule, so here we see that it tends to 

 destroy those class-divisions which militancy originates, and 

 to establish quite alien ones which indicate differences of 

 position consequent on differences of aptitude for the various 

 functions which an industrial society needs. 



