POLITICAL HEADS CHIEFS, KINGS, ETC. 337 



assemblies with great solemnity ;&quot; and &quot; put their pretensions 

 to the proof with circumstances of outrageous barbarity.&quot; 

 Similarly, &quot; although the Abipones neither fear their cacique 

 as a judge, nor honour him as a master, yet his fellow-soldiers 

 follow him as a leader and governor of the war, whenever 

 the enemy is to be attacked or repelled.&quot; 



These and like facts, of which there are abundance, have 

 three kindred implications. One is that continuity of war 

 conduces to permanence of chieftainship. A second is that, 

 with increase of his influence as successful military head, the 

 chief gains influence as civil head. A third is that there is 

 thus initiated a union, maintained through subsequent phases 

 of social evolution, between military supremacy and political 

 supremacy. Not only among the uncivilized Hottentots, 

 Malagasy, and others, is the chief or king head of the army 

 not only among such semi-civilized peoples as the ancient 

 Peruvians and Mexicans, do we find the monarch one with 

 the commander-in-chief ; but the histories of extinct and 

 surviving nations all over the world exemplify the connexion. 

 In Egypt &quot; in the early ages, the offices of king and general 

 were inseparable.&quot; Assyrian sculptures and inscriptions 

 represent the despotic ruler as also the conquering soldier ; as 

 do the records of the Hebrews. Civil and military headship 

 were united among the Homeric Greeks ; and in primitive 

 Rome &quot; the general was ordinarily the king himself.&quot; That 

 throughout European history it has been so, and partially 

 continues so even now in the more militant societies, needs 

 no showing. 



How command of a wider kind follows military command, 

 we cannot readily see in societies which have no records : we 

 can but infer that along with increased power of coercion 

 which the successful head-warrior gains, naturally goes the 

 exercise of a stronger rule in civil affairs. That this has 

 been so among peoples who have known histories, there is 

 proof. Of the primitive Germans Sohm remarks that the 

 Koman invasions had one result : 



