POLITICAL HEADS CHIEFS, KINGS, ETC. 359 



who has obtained ascendancy by force of arms, becomes a 

 Kas- -a prime minister or real monarch ; though he requires 

 &quot; a titular emperor to perform the indispensable ceremony of 

 nominating a Kas,&quot; since the name, at least, of emperor &quot; is 

 deemed essential to render valid the title of Kas.&quot; The case 

 of Thibet may be named as one in which the sacredness of 

 the original political head is dissociated from the claim based 

 on hereditary descent ; for the Grand Llama, considered as 

 &quot; God the Father,&quot; incarnate afresh in each new occupant of 

 the throne, is discovered among the people at large by certain 

 indications of his godhood. But with his divinity, involving 

 disconnexion with temporal matters, there goes absence of 

 political power. A like state of things exists in Bhotan. 



&quot; The Dhurma Kaja is looked upon by the Bhotanese in the same 

 light as the Grand Lama of Thibet is viewed by his subjects namely 

 as a perpetual incarnation of the Deity, or Bhudda himself in a corpo 

 real form. During the interval between his death and reappearance, 

 or, more properly speaking, until he has reached an age sufficiently 

 mature to ascend his spiritual throne, the office of Dhurnia Raja is 

 filled by proxy from amongst the priesthood.&quot; 



And then along with this sacred ruler there co-exists a secular 

 ?:uler. Bhotan &quot; has two nominal heads, known to us and to 

 the neighbouring hill-tribes under the Hindoostanee names 

 of the Dhurma and the Deb Kajas. . . . The former is 

 the spiritual head, the latter the temporal one.&quot; Though in 

 this case the temporal head has not great influence (probably 

 because the priest-regent, whose celibacy prevents him from 

 founding a line, stands in the way of unchecked assumption 

 of power by the temporal head), still the existence of a tem 

 poral head implies a partial lapsing of political functions out 

 of the hands of the original political head. But the most 

 remarkable, and at the same time most familiar, example, is 

 that furnished by Japan. Here the supplanting of inherited 

 authority by deputed authority is exemplified, not in the 

 central government alone, but in the local governments. 

 &quot; Next to the prince and his family came the Icaros or elders. Their 

 office &quot;became hereditary, and, like the princes, they in many instances 



