COMPOUND POLITICAL HEADS. 39H 



intelligence are rapidly assembled, can cooperate far moro 

 readily than people scattered through rural districts. With 

 all which direct and indirect results of industrial develop 

 ment, must be joined the ultimate result on character, pro 

 duced by daily fulfilling and enforcing contracts a discipline 

 which, while requiring each man to recognize the claima of 

 others, also requires him to maintain his own. In Solon 

 himself this attitude which joins assertion of personal rights 

 with respect for the rights of others, was well exemplified ; 

 since, when his influence was great he refused to become a 

 despot, though pressed to do so, and in his latter days he 

 resisted at the risk of death the establishment of a despo 

 tism. In various ways, then, increasing industrial 

 activity tended to widen the original oligarchic structure. 

 And though these effects of industrialism, joined with subse 

 quently-accumulated effects, were for a long time held in 

 check by the usurping Peisistratidse, yet, being ready to show 

 themselves when, some time after the expulsion of these 

 tyrants, there came the Kleisthenian revolution, they were 

 doubtless instrumental in then initiating the popular form of 

 government. 



Though not in so great a degree, yet in some degree, the 

 same causes operated in liberalizing the Eoman oligarchy. 

 Rome &quot; was indebted for the commencement of its import 

 ance to international commerce ;&quot; and, as Mommsen points 

 out, &quot; the distinction between Eome and the mass of the 

 other Latin towns, must certainly be traced back to its com 

 mercial position, and to the type of character produced by 

 that position . . . Rome was the emporium of the Latin 

 districts.&quot; Moreover, as in Athens, though doubtless to a 

 smaller extent, trade brought an increasing settlement of 

 strangers, to whom rights were given, and who, joined with 

 emancipated slaves and with clients, formed an industrial 

 population, the eventual inclusion of which in the burgess* 

 body caused that widening of the constitution effected by 

 Servius Tullius. 



