COMPOUND POLITICAL HEADS. 395 



advantages or disadvantages of this or that arrangement, fur 

 nished motives for establishing or maintaining it. But, as 

 gathered together in the foregoing sections, the facts show 

 that as with the genesis of simple political heads, so with 

 the genesis of compound political heads, conditions and not 

 intentions determine. 



Recognizing the truth that independence of character is a 

 factor, but ascribing this independence of character to the 

 continued existence of a race in a habitat which facilitates 

 evasion of control, we saw that with such a nature so con 

 ditioned, cooperation in war causes the union on equal terms 

 of groups whose heads are joined to form a directive council. 

 And according as the component groups are governed more 

 or less autocratically, the directive council is more or less 

 oligarchic. We have seen that in localities differing so 

 widely as do mountain regions, marshes or mud islands, and 

 jungles, men of different races have developed political heads 

 of this compound kind. And on observing that the localities, 

 otherwise so unlike, are alike in being severally made up of 

 parts difficult of access, we cannot question that to this is 

 mainly due the governmental foim under which their in 

 habitants unite. 



Besides the compound heads which are thus indigenous in 

 places favouring them, there are other compound heads which 

 arise after the break-up of preceding political organizations. 

 Especially apt are they so to arise where the people, not 

 scattered through a wide district but concentrated in a town, 

 can easily assemble bodily. Control of every kind having 

 disappeared, it happens in such cases that the aggregate will 

 has free play, and there establishes itself for a time that 

 relatively-popular form with which all government begins ; 

 but, regularly or irregularly, a superior few become differen 

 tiated from the many ; and of predominant men some one is 

 made, directly or indirectly, most predominant. 



Compound heads habitually become, in course of time, 

 either narrower or wider. They are narrowed by militancy, 



