REPRESENTATIVE BODIES. 417 



localities in deliberations which concern them all, ha\e to 

 send one or more persons to express their will. Distance in 

 both cases changes direct utterance of the popular voice into 

 indirect utterance. 



Before observing the conditions under which this singling 

 out of individuals in one or other way for specified duties, 

 comes to be used in the formation of a representative body, 

 we must exclude classes of cases not relevant to our present 

 inquiry. Though representation as ordinarily conceived, and 

 as here to be dealt with, is associated with a popular form of 

 government, yet the connexion between them is not a neces 

 sary one. In some places and times representation has co 

 existed with entire exclusion of the masses from power. In 

 Poland, both before and after the so-called republican form 

 was assumed, the central diet, in addition to senators 

 nominated by the king, was composed of nobles elected in 

 provincial assemblies of nobles : the people at large being 

 powerless and mostly serfs. In Hungary, too, up to recent 

 times, the privileged class which, even after it had been 

 greatly enlarged reached only &quot; one-twentieth of the adult 

 males,&quot; alone formed the basis of representation. &quot; A Hun 

 garian county before the reforms of 1848 might be called a 

 direct aristocratical republic : &quot; all members of the noble class 

 having a right to attend the local assembly and vote in 

 appointing a representative noble to the general diet; but 

 members of the inferior classes having no shares in the 

 government. 



Other representative bodies than those of an exclusively 

 aristocratic kind, must be named as not falling within the 

 scope of this chapter. As Duruy remarks &quot; Antiquity was 

 not as ignorant as is supposed of the representative sys 

 tem. . . . Each Eoman province had its general assem 

 blies. . . . Thus the Lycians possessed a true legislative 

 body formed by the deputies of their twenty-three towns.&quot; 

 &quot;This assembly had even executive functions.&quot; And Gaul, 

 Spain, all the eastern provinces, and Greece, had like assem- 



