REPRESENTATIVE BODIES. 419 



simple societies not yet politically organized, though it ia 

 brought under restraint as fast as war establishes obedience, 

 and conquests produce class-differentiations, tends, when 

 occasion permits, to re-assert itself. The sentiments and 

 beliefs, organized and transmitted, which, during certain 

 stages of social evolution, lead the many to submit to the 

 few, come, under some circumstances, to be traversed by other 

 sentiments and beliefs. Passing references have been in 

 several places made to these. Here we must consider them 

 seriatim and more at length. 



One factor in the development of the patriarchal group 

 during the pastoral stage, was shown to be the fostering of 

 subordination to its head by war ; since, continually, there 

 survived the groups in which subordination was greatest. 

 But if so, the implication is that, conversely, cessation of 

 war tends to diminish subordination. Members of the com 

 pound family, originally living together and fighting together, 

 become less strongly bound in proportion as they have less 

 frequently to cooperate for joint defence under their head. 

 Hence, the more peaceful the state the more independent 

 become the multiplying divisions forming the gens, the 

 phratry, and the tribe. With progress of industrial life arises 

 greater freedom of action especially among the distantly- 

 related members of the group. 



So must it be, too, in a feudally-governed assemblage. 

 While standing quarrels with neighbours are ever leading to 

 local battles while bodies of men-at-arms are kept ready, 

 and vassals are from time to time summoned to fight- 

 while, as a concomitant of military service, acts of homage 

 are insisted upon; there is maintained a regimental sub 

 jection running through the group. But as fast as aggres 

 sions and counter-aggressions become less frequent, the 

 carrying of arms becomes less needful; there is less occa 

 sion for periodic expressions of fealty; and there is an 

 increase of daily actions performed without direction of a 

 superior, whence a fostering of individuality of character. 



