422 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



opportunities for buying and selling, which are habitually 

 utilized ; and this connexion between the assembling of many 

 people and the exchanging of commodities, which first shows 

 itself at intervals, becomes a permanent connexion where 

 many people become permanently assembled where a town 

 grows up in the neighbourhood of a temple, or around a 

 stronghold, or in a place favoured by local circumstances for 

 some manufacture. 



Industrial development further aids popular emancipation 

 by generating an order of men whose power, derived from 

 their wealth, competes with, and begins in some cases to 

 exceed, the power of those who previously were alone wealthy 

 the men of rank. While this initiates a conflict which 

 diminishes the influence previously exercised by patriarchal 

 or feudal heads only, it also initiates a milder form of sub 

 ordination. Rising, as the rich trader habitually does in early 

 times, from the non-privileged class, the relation between 

 him and those under him is one from which there is excluded 

 the idea of personal subjection. In proportion as the indus 

 trial activities grow predominant, they make familiar a con 

 nexion between employer and employed which differs from 

 the relation between master and slave, or lord and vassal, by 

 not including allegiance. Under earlier conditions there does 

 not exist the idea of detached individual life life which 

 neither receives protection from a clan-head or feudal supe 

 rior, nor is carried on in obedience to him. But in town 

 populations, made up largely of refugees, who either become 

 small traders or are employed by great ones, the experience 

 of a relatively-independent life becomes common, and the 

 conception of it clear. 



And the form of cooperation distinctive of the industrial 

 state thus arising, fosters the feelings and thoughts appro 

 priate to popular pow r er. In daily usage there is a balancing 

 of claims ; and the idea of equity is, generation after genera 

 tion, made more definite. The relations between employer 

 and employed, and between buyer and seller, can be maio- 



