424 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



posing the industrial communities as distinguished from those 

 embodied in the older forms of organization ; the permanent 

 sentiments and ideas produced in them by their mode of 

 life ; and the temporary emotions roused by special acts of 

 oppression or by distress. Let us observe the cooperation of 

 these. 



Two instances, occurring first in order of time, are fur 

 nished by the Athenian democracy. The condition which 

 preceded the Solonian legislation, was one of violent dis 

 sension among political factions ; and there was also &quot; a 

 general mutiny of the poorer population against the rich, re 

 sulting from misery combined with oppression.&quot; The more 

 extensive diffusion of power effected by the revolution which 

 Kleisthenes brought about, occurred under kindred circum 

 stances. The relatively-detached population of immigrant 

 traders, had so greatly increased between the time of Solon 

 and that of Kleisthenes, that the four original tribes forming 

 the population of Attica had to be replaced by ten. And 

 then this augmented mass, largely composed of men not 

 under clan-discipline, and therefore less easily restrained by 

 the ruling classes, forced itself into predominance at a time 

 when the ruling classes were divided. Though it is said that 

 Kleisthenes &quot; being vanquished in a party contest with his 

 rival, took the people into partnership&quot; though the change 

 is represented as being one thus personally initiated ; yet in 

 the absence of that voluminous popular will which had long 

 been growing, the political re-organization could not have 

 been made, or, if made, could not have been maintained. 

 The remark which Grote quotes from Aristotle, &quot;that sedi 

 tions are generated by great causes but out of small incidents,&quot; 

 if altered slightly by writing &quot;political changes&quot; instead of 

 &quot;seditions,&quot; fully applies. For clearly, once having been 

 enabled to assert itself, this popular power could not be forth 

 with excluded. Kliiisthenes could not under such circum 

 stances have imposed on so large a mass of men arrangements 

 at variance with their wishes. Practically therefore, it was the 



