REPRESENTATIVE BODIES. 427 



by successful wars and resulting consolidations, scarcely more 

 than nominal 



499. It is instructive to note how that primary incentive 

 to cooperation which initiates social union at large, continues 

 afterwards to initiate special unions within the general union. 

 For just as external militancy sets up and carries on the 

 organization of the whole, so does internal militancy set up 

 and carry O.A the organization of the parts ; even when those 

 parts, industrial in their activities, are intrinsically non- 

 militant. On looking into their histories we find that the 

 increasing clusters of people who, forming towns, lead lives 

 essentially distinguished by continuous exchange of services 

 under agreement, develop their governmental structures 

 during their chronic antagonisms with the surrounding mili 

 tant clusters. 



We see, first, that these settlements of traders, growing 

 important and obtaining royal charters, were by doing this 

 placed in quasi-militant positions became in modified ways 

 holders of fiefs from their king, and had the associated re 

 sponsibilities. Habitually they paid dues of sundry kinds 

 equivalent in general nature to those paid by feudal tenants ; 

 and, like them, they were liable to military service. In 

 Spanish chartered towns &quot;this was absolutely due from every 

 inhabitant ;&quot; and &quot; every man of a certain property was bound 

 to serve on horseback or pay a fixed sum.&quot; In France &quot; in 

 the charters of incorporation which towns received, the 

 number of troops required was usually expressed.&quot; And in 

 the chartered royal burghs of Scotland &quot; every burgess was a 

 direct vassal of the crown.&quot; 



Next observe that industrial towns (usually formed by 

 coalescence of pre-existing rural divisions rendered populous 

 because local circumstances favoured some form of trade, and 

 presently becoming places of hiding for fugitives, and of 

 security for escaped serfs) began to stand toward the small 

 feudally-governed groups around them, in relations like those 



